21st Century
Homeland Defense &
Civil Defense

War in the Ukraine has raised the prospects of a nuclear exchange between Russia and the US to a height not seen since the Cold War. In pursuing their own national interests, China and North Korea have also raised the nuclear stakes. Homeland Defense and Civil Defense both have the avowed mission of protecting the domestic US population from deliberate attack. Homeland Defense for the continental US is a shared responsibility between United States Northern Command and United States Strategic Command under the Department of Defense. Civil Defense is the responsibility of the Federal Emergency Management Agency under the Department of Homeland Security. The current Homeland Defense Strategy is resilience. The current Civil Defense strategy is resilience. Homeland Defense and
Civil Defense also share a causal relationship: Civil Defense is what happens when Homeland Defense fails. This does not mean they can’t be mutually supporting. This study takes a look at both Homeland Defense and Civil Defense to see how and why they have evolved to their present state. It then answers the question asked of this study, “How can USNORTHCOM support Civil Defense?”

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGY
IDENTIFICATION & COMMUNITY OUTREACH STUDY 2021
FEMA REGION 8

Climate Change represents one of the greatest crises of the 21st Century. The impacts of climate change are being witnessed around the world. Across the western United States spanning FEMA Regions 8, 9 and 10 this is experienced through year-round wildfire seasons, extreme-decades long drought, severe storms and wind with category 1-2 hurricane force strength gusts, extreme heat waves, short intense blizzards and sub-zero polar temperatures, and other disasters that continue to increase in frequency, size, and intensity. An even-greater challenge will be adapting to the existential threat of climate change in an equitable manner. In response to these challenges, FEMA Region 8 launched its first series of higher education research grants to identify climate adaptations strategies and effectively communicate preparedness practices and programs to residents of Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming and the 29 federally-recognized tribes within these states. Further to identify climate adaptation community resources and develop communication, outreach and engagement strategies.